WRITING NOTES.

ACCURATE WRITING: CONNECTING WORDS

ADDITION ŸAs well as/too: Chinese food is very tasty. It´s quite cheap as well/too. Also: Also the roads are extremely icy so be careful. ŸNot only/but: The village is not only remote but totally inaccessible by road. ŸWhat´s more/besides: I haven´t got any change on me. What´s more/besides, you already owe me money from last time.

TIME (1) ŸThe moment/as soon as: The moment I get home, I’m going straight to bed ŸEver since:  Ever since he came to the school he´s been nothing but trouble ŸFirst/originally: The cottage was originally a post office, but it was converted a hundred years ago. ŸFrom then on/ever since then: I bought a new computer last month. From then on/Ever since I´ve had nothing but trouble with it. ŸWhile/as: I caught a glimpse of Jim while I was hurrying down the street. ŸPrior to sth (formal): Prior to meeting her, I´d never met anyone from South Africa.

TIME (2) ŸInstantly, straightaway, at once: When I saw Kay at the party that summer I instantly/straightaway fell for her ŸAt once also used ‘at the same time’. ŸPreviously: Previously, I´d never had a long-term relationship. ŸBefore: Before this week, I´d only ever seen her in photographs. ŸImmediately: I immediately went up to her and introduced myself. ŸSubsequent to sth: (formal) Subsequent to our conversation, I enclose the necessary forms for your enquiry. ŸAfter: The year after, we had to go back to college.

TIME (3) ŸLater: A year later ŸEventually (in the end): Eventually, we decided we would have to split up. ŸAt the end: At the end, everyone applauded. ŸLately: Lately, in the last month or so, we have begun seeing each other again. ŸFinally: They´ve been together for over 15 years, but they finally got married at Christmas.   ŸUp until: Up until a month ago, though, we hadn´t seen each other for over 20 years. ŸAfterwards/then: I accepted their invitation to supper. Afterwards, I regretted it.

REASON AND RESULT ŸBecause/because of: I lent Mary my racket because hers was broken/ Because of terrible floods, they lost all their crops. ŸAs/since: Since/as you don´t want to help, I´ll do it my self. ŸSo, as a result, therefore/consequently: There were terrible floods. Therefore, they lost all their crops. ŸDue to/owing to: Due to/Owing to bad weather yesterday I didn´t go climbing. Spanish being really bad, he didn´t understand me/Because of the visibility being poor, there were several road accidents.

PURPOSE ŸSo as/in order (for something) + infinitive with to: The colours need to be bolder so as to/in order to make the design stand out. In order for the campaign to be a success, we must increase our budget. ŸIn order that/so that/so: So that we can meet our deadlines, we´d appreciate your ideas by tomorrow. I´ll send you some possible slogans in order that you can decide.

CONDITION ŸUnless: Unless ex-prisoners are given help, they are likely to re-offend. ŸIn case: Take a sandwich in case you get hungry later. ŸOtherwise: We must act now, otherwise the prison population will double. ŸProvided/providing, as long as/assuming (if and only if): Prisoners can become responsible citizens, providing we allow them to. ŸWhether: Whether the governor is right or wrong, there are many who disagree. ŸImagine/suppose/supposing: Imagine/Suppose/Supposing the prisoners aren´t well enough to work, what happens then?

COMMENT ADVERBIALS ŸObviously: Obviously, she was guilty. ŸFortunately: Fortunately, he wasn´t hurt ŸTo be honest/quite honestly: Quite honestly/To be honest, I think he´s wrong ŸSurely: Surely, you could leave. ŸIn fact: He doesn´t work. In fact, he never has. ŸClearly: Clearly, he didn´t understand. ŸAmazingly: Amazingly, Tom resigned. ŸFrankly: Frankly, I think Em´s right. ŸApparently: Apparently, Sy´s got engaged. ŸAccording to: According to him, Pam´s ill.

CONTRAST ŸAlthough/even though/though (more emphatic): Although/even though I never bother to lock my car, I know I should/Mo still smokes, although she knows she shouldn´t. ŸWhereas: They fell asleep whereas I was awake for hours ŸHowever: I like cats. However, I prefer dogs. ŸBut: Frank is very athletic, bus this brother isn´t. ŸDespite/in spite of: Despite/in spite of the fact that he was ill, he went into work/In spite of/despite being late, they allowed us into the gym. ŸNonetheless/nevertheless/however: I´m not particularly hungry. Nevertheless, I will have one pie.

SPEAKING NOTES.

I´ll be pleased if only one of you find this illuminating (joking).

SPEAKING (REAL WORLD)

EXPLAINING AND PARAPHRASING Which simply/just/basically means And what it/this/that means is What I mean by that is By which I mean What I’m trying to say is Which is to say To put it simply, That is to say, Or to put it another way, In other words, i.e meaning	BEING TACTUFUL Using past forms (We were planning to go to the cinema tomorrow) Using modals (It could have been a bit hotter/I´d go for black instead if I were you) Using vague language (We must all get together some time/ It was sort of interesting in parts/The steak was on the tough side. Not sounding negative (I think darker colours suit you better/I´ve seen better performances) Using adverbs of attitude (Quite honestly, I´ve seen better performances/Unfortunately, the steak was…)	CONVERSATIONAL STRATEGIES Including someone in the conversation (You look dubious, Hope/You´re very quiet, Waldo) Adding something to the argument (Not to mention…/And of course there´s always…) Stressing an important point (That´s exactly what I was trying to get at/That´s precisely what I mean) Encouraging someone to continue (Carry on, Cande. You were saying?/What were you about /going to say?) Justifying what you say (All I´m saying is…/What I´m trying to say is…) Getting the conversation back on track (Anyway, assuming you do want promotion…/ To get back to what I was saying about… Saying you agree with someone (I´m with you on that/I´d go along with that) Conceding someone is right (You´ve got me there!/Well, I can´t disagree with that) Disagreeing politely (Oh, I don´t know about that/ Actually, I´m not sure you can say that) Asking someone to say more about a topic (By intelligence you mean…?/What do you mean when you say intelligence?)	PRESENTING INFORMATION To make the first point (First of all/Let´s start with/by…) To refer to a point made earlier (As I said before/To go back to…/To return to something I mentioned earlier…) To signal a new point (Now I´ll talk about…/Let´s move on to…/Leaving that aside for a moment…) To summarise what´s been said so far (So to sum up…/Just to recap…) To signal the last point/bring the talk to an end (In conclusion…/Last but not least…/And finally…)	SOUNDING INTERESTED To sound interested in what someone is saying: Really? Is that right? To agree with someone´s opinion: Indeed (not It´s true) To agree with someone´s opinion: You´re right! To show strong agreement with someone: Of course! / well of course! Echo questions (similar to talk questions): I love snails. Do you? / She hasn´t called me yet. Hasn´t she?	SIGNPOSTING IN AN ANECDOTE To start the story: I remember once (when) To continue: So then what happened next is-was/ so the next thing is-was To finish the story: Anyway, in the end…	INTRODUCING IDEAS AND OPINIONS Well, to be honest/ To be honest. The thing is… It´s like (informal) All I´m saying is/All I´m trying to say is What I´m trying to say is… Of course there´s always (to introduce an idea or make a suggestion) e
					FILLERS WHEN TELLING ANECDOTES Well/You know/Kind of/Like (be careful not too overuse this expressions)
					MAKING YOUR POINT IN DISCUSSIONS I mean I reckon (informal) That´s my point Just because…doesn´t mean. You´re quite right.

Connecting words

Connecting words

TIME	CONTRAST	ADDITION	CONDITION	COMMENT ADVERBIALS	PURPOSE	REASON AND RESULT
1.     after 2.     afterwards 3.     as 4.     as son as 5.     at once 6.     at the end 7.     during 8.     during all of 9.     eventually 10.   ever since 11.   finally 12.   first 13.   following 14.   from then on 15.   in the end 16.   instantly 17.   lately 18.   later 19.   meanwhile 20.   once 21.   originally 22.   previously 23.   prior to 24.   straightaway 25.   subsequent 26.   the moment 27.   then 28.   throughout 29.   un until then 30.   up until now 31.   while	32.   although 33.   but 34.   despite 35.   even though 36.   however 37.   in spite of 38.   nevertheless 39.   nonetheless 40.   not withstanding 41.   though 42.   whereas	43.   as well as 44.   in addition 45.   moreover 46.   not only…but also 47.   too 48.   what´s more	49.   as long as 50.   assuming 51.   in case 52.   otherwise 53.   providing (that) 54.   supposing 55.   unless 56.   unless 57.   whether	58.   according to 59.   actually 60.   amazingly 61.   apparently 62.   clearly 63.   fortunately 64.   frankly 65.   in fact 66.   personally 67.   surely 68.   surprisingly	69.   in order that 70.   in order to 71.   so 72.   so as to 73.   so that	74.   as a result 75.   as because 76.   owing to 77.   so 78.   therefore